This is how Navy pilot training breaks down (if you are interested in Marine Air, you will have to find your answers elsewhere):
API - 6 week ground school course; various classes on aviation related info (weather, aerodynamics, navigation, etc), as well as several water survival training events
Primary - First time you fly an airplane, either the T-34C (at Whiting and Corpus Christi) or the T-6 (at Vance AFB, with Whiting getting their first few right now). Takes about 5-6 months or more, and you generally get about 100 hours of flight time there.
Advanced - Here is where it becomes more complicated; you get to select your basic pipeline when you finish primary, based on how well you did, needs of the Navy, and what you want. Here is a breakdown of those individual pipelines:
Helos - TH-57's at South Whiting Field. Takes 6-8 months from what I have heard/seen. The -57 is basically a Bell Jet Ranger, with some differences from it's civilian counterpart.
Multiengine (P-3) or E-6 - Either the T-44 or the TC-12 in Corpus Christi. T-44 is the military equivalent of a King Air, and the C-12 is a Super King Air.....both are twin engine turboprop aircraft. Syllabus takes about 6 months. Navy students graduating from this program head off to fly P-3C, EP-3, or E-6 TACAMO.
E-6 (modified Boeing 707)- I only list this because there is a seperate selection for this aircraft coming out of primary. The training pipeline for this aircraft is in a point of transition, with some students going to Vance AFB to do advanced in the T-1, and some going to Corpus as listed above for advanced in props.
Tailhook - This pipeline has two stages, intermediate jet, and advanced strike. All are conducted in either the T-45A, T-45C or some combination of the two (in the case of Kingsville). The two locations are Meridian, MS or Kingsville, TX. You complete phase one, and then either continue on to phase 2 (advanced strike), or you select E2/C2 transition and do a shorter transition syllabus. For the E2/C2 selects, they go to Corpus to finish off their training (after getting carrier qualified in the T-45) in the T-44. The rest of the folks who stay for phase 2 remain in the T-45 until they get their wings, and do all the strike syllabus stuff. The E2/C2 folks will go on to fly the Hawkeye or Greyhound (to be decided at the E2/C2 FRS), and the advanced strike folks will fly either the F/A-18A/C, F/A-18E/F, EA-6B, or EA-18G once they get their wings.
Hope that helps, I understand that it is a little difficult to get good info on the web, though I think a lot of this info is listed in places on this forum. Anyway, good luck to you!