Deployment length has been discussed, but it's buried in a few different threads. The answer to your questions, like pretty much everything else in Naval Aviation, is "it depends".
The deployment cycle for Tailhookers is notionally an 18-month cycle of six months deployed, six months standdown and ULT (unit-level training, i.e., training by and within the squadron, not involving the Air Wing) and six months work ups (training with the CVW and Boat for the next deployment).
Like everybody else, though, our deployment cycle has gone to hell in the last ten years. I did a cruise and a half and two full workups in my 36 months in the squadron; both cruises were longer than six months. Mrs Fester's Air Wing did a fast-turnaround where they cruised only six months after returning from their previous deployment. I know guys who did three full deployments; I know guys who only did part of one.
CVW-5 is the Japan-based Air Wing and they don't do a "workup-deploy" cycle at all. They go to sea much more frequently, but for shorter durations.
The P-3, EP-3 and helo dudes do things a different way altogether.