For your last problem, its going to require you to do some long division. There's no way around, so hope your division is up to par.
First make sure copied the problem right. I believe the problem says that the second pit is dug in three quarters the time of the first one, NOT 3 hours. If i'm mistaken, then disregard this entire post.
First translate 4 hours 32 minutes and 30 seconds (04:32:30) into minutes.
You should get 272.5 minutes. If you're unsure how to get this, PM me and I'll further explain it.
Then multiply 3/4 or .75 by 272.5.
272.5 divided by 4 will get you 68.125 (yes that exact)
Then multiply that by 3, and you get 204.375.
First 204 minutes doesn't round to a complete hour, so you get the closest, which is 3 hours and then the rest is the minutes.
So you should have 3 hours and 24 minutes so far.
There's only one answer with the 3 hours and 24 minutes so I'd just go with that one, but if you need further convincing.
.375 * 60 will give you 22.5 seconds.
Hence, your answer is 3 hours 24 minutes and 22.5 seconds to dig the second mortar pit.