To answer the orignal question - and I'm speaking from a strike guy's prespective so realize that other communities may be different.
For the typical jet guy: 2 years in flight school (API to wings). You'll then spend about a year, maybe a little less at your respective RAG sqaudron. From there you'll generally spend 3 to 3.5 years on a sea tour with a deploying fleet sqaudron. Your primary job initially will be to get all of your required quals so that you can be utilized while deployed. You will also be given, at first, a collateral job. You wont start off as the OpsO or SafteyO, more likely something like Assistant Saftey, Ground Safety, maybe a shop (powerplants, frames, etc..). You'll rotate off of your sea tour and have several choices from there. Maybe IP in the training command, IP in the RAG, Post Grad, ROTC/Acadamy staff, the list goes on. That tour will last anywhere from 2.5 - 3 years. The way things are going now you may get stuck with a Disassociated Sea Tour. That sucks. You basically become a shoe for a year and a half or so. There are ways to avoid this but it takes a lot of work on your part to make the system work for you. If you decide at that point, that would be 10 years of service with your first 8 year commit being up, to stay in then you would go back for what is called a Dept Head Tour. You will most likely be a senior LT or a new LCDR and will go back to the RAG for a refresher sylabus and then back out to a deploying fleet sqaudron. Clear as mud? Hope that answered some questions for you.